The forgotten story of India with President’s Rule

In the mid-1970s, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi entered the period of India, India, India, and most of the political opposition were arrested.

Behind this authoritarian scenes, the government of the Congress party, not as a radical democracy in inspection and remnants, but also the country began to be rebuilt, but also in command and control.

Indira Gandhi and the Loyalists of the Best Breasts and Party of Gandhi, Gandhi, Gandhi’s best bureaucrats and party show how to push the judiciary and the parliament began to lower the parliament.

Inspired by a part of Charles de Gaulle FrenchThe push for a stronger hood in India reflects an open glory of parliament to go beyond the restrictions – even if it was not fully realized.

All in September 1975, on September 1975, on September 1975, a letter of BK Nehru, an emergency diplomat and a close assistant, called “Famous Support Tour Forces Tour Force”.

Parliament Democracy was “Unable to answer our needs,” he wrote Nehru. In this system, the executive depended on the support of the selected legislative body, which is constantly steadily stated by “popularity and suspending any unpleasant measurements.”

Said India, which India is needed, directly elected President, who is released from parliamental dependence and is able to receive “hard, unpleasant and popular and popular decisions” writes.

De Gaulle’s France – a strong presidency stressed that the strength of the concentrate. Nehru, a single, seven-year presidency, a proportional representation and a state legislative in parliament and a court regulated by a court and strict slanderous laws. He even offered to rob the fundamental rights – for example, for themselves, for example, the right to freedom of freedom.

For Nehru Download, “to make these fundamental changes in the constitution when two-thirds are two-thirds.” His views were “adopted by Rapture by the Secretary of the Prime Minister PN Dhar. Then, then said that these ideas confirm the Nehru to discuss with the party leaders, but he said he should not convey the impression of his confirmation.

Prof. Raghavan writes that the thoughts met with the enthusiastic support of the Leaders of the Great Congress Leaders such as Yaqfivan RAM and Foreign Minister Swan Singh. The Prime Minister of Haryana’s province was sharp: “If you ask me, our lives (indira Gandi) consulted our President (no other thing.”

While returning to Nehru Gandhi, he was not sorry, Prof. Raghavan writes. Showed their closest assistants to further investigate their proposals.

What is what is what is, “a freshness of our constitution: some suggestions”, privacy and reliable consultants. This was even offered more than American colleagues, including court meetings and legislation. The new presidency will effectively interpret the Supreme Court of the New Judicial Council, “Laws and Constitution.”

Gandhi sent this document to Dhar, who recognizes this document “The Constitution bent in an unequivocal authoritarian.” The President of the Congress DK Barooah announced the water in the 1975 annual session of the 1975th announcement of the Constitution.

The idea is never crystallized in a formal offer. But he laid on his shadow Forty-second adjustment actIn 1976, the trial and further centralized executive authority, which expand the powers of the parliament.

Change has increased more laws when aiming to require five or seven judges supermaturite and dilute the constitution ‘Main structure doctrine’ This is the strength of a limited parliament.

In addition, the federal government’s broom powers have expanded the rule of the president by the presence of emergencies in the region and announce emergencies in the region and until six months. He also removed the election disputes from the hand of the judiciary.

This was not yet presidential system, but this is a genetic trail – a strong execution, marginalized judgment and weakened inspections and balances. State Lady newspaper “Likes the balance of the constitution in favor of a conventional stroke, change in favor of the Assembly.”

Meanwhile, Gandhi’s loyal was on everyone. Defense Minister Bansi Lal, Prime Minister, Punjab, Punjab and Congress in the northern provinces of Punjab, Punjab and Uttar called on the New Founder Assembly in October 1976.

“The prime minister has been canceled. He decided to destroy these actions and rush the bill in parliamentary bill,” Prof. Raghavan.

By December 1976, the bill was adopted by the house of both parliaments, and 13 state signed the law by the legislature and the President.

After Gandhi’s shock defeat in 1977, a short-term Janata Party – a patch of mutual Gandhu forces moved rapidly to return the damage. Through Forty third and Forty-fourth The adjustments recovered the basic parts of forty seconds, authoritarian provisions and democratic checks and residues.

Gandhi, in January 1980, after the collapse of the Janata Party government due to domestic sections and leadership struggles, Gandhi returned to power in January 1980. Interestingly, two years later, prominent votes in the party once again violated the idea of ​​the presidential system.

In 1982, President Sanjiva Reddy’s ended, Gandhi, the Prime Minister took action as Prime Minister to be the President of India.

His principle secretary later stated that he was “very serious” about the action. The Congress party was tired of walking on his back and saw the presidency as a way to “treat the party shock and give a new incentive.”

As a result, he pulled back. Instead, the chairman appreciated the Prime Minister Zail Singh.

Despite serious flirtation, India will never make a leap to the presidential system. A deep tactical politician Gandhi, caught him back? Or did it not have a national appetite for the radical change and the India’s parliamentary system proved glue?

In the early 1970s, there was a sign of the presidency as a parliamentary democracy of India – especially since 1967, according to Prof Raghavan, the more competitive and unstable mentioned in fragile coalitions. The sounds around this time began to suggest that an presidential system could be better in India. The situation was the moment these ideas became a serious political thinking.

“The goal system was to immediately change the power of strength. There was no great long-term design – the majority of sustainable results of its (Give) rule,” Prof Raghavan “BBC.

“In case of emergency, his main goal was short-term: the forty-second amendment was designed to ensure that the forty second amendment could not stand in its path.”

Itching for a presidential system in Congress has never faded completely. By the end of April 1984, Prime Minister Vasant Sathe has launched a national dispute, which is a transition to the presidential management – even in power.

However, after six months, Indira was killed by Gandhi, Delhi’s intense bodyguards, and the conversation with him was broken. India remained a parliamentary democracy.